Project FROG came to Loisos + Ubbelohde with a deceptively straightforward research question: how do we take our prefabricated classroom characterized by quick construction, lower costs, high quality control and basic green performance and achieve zero net-energy, zero-net carbon emissions and high quality interior space efficiently and appropriately for any given site and climate. This research is conceived as broadly open-ended for product development applicable to many locations, but also informed by ongoing specific project opportunities for defined sites and clients. As we develop more detailed and sophisticated methodologies for identifying the optimal configuration, envelope design and mechanical system, we work iteratively with the product development team to ensure that all design options we identify are realistic from a manufacturing and cost standpoint.

SERVICES

Daylighting improves the quality of visual comfort while reducing energy use. We use scale physical models and calibrated simulations with RADIANCE software and proprietary scripts to:
• Predict and evaluate illumination levels and light distribution
• Predict and analyze luminance gradients and glare potential
• Analyze thermal and energy use implications of daylighting design
• Design and evaluate daylighting to exhibition and curatorial performance criteria
• Predict energy savings from daylight harvesting
• Coordinate daylighting and electrical lighting design
• Post-occupancy HDRI analysis of luminance and visual comfort
We provide full-service lighting design for building interiors, exteriors and landscape as well as specialized lighting for art. We work with the architect to reflect the aesthetic of the design and support the spatial experience with high performance and visually comfortable lighting.
• Specify luminaires, sources and layouts for electrical lighting
• Provide accurate renderings of lighting for evaluation
• Provide illumination levels for design evaluation as well as code requirements
• Provide lighting controls narrative and diagrams
• Arrange desk-top, lighting lab and/or in-situ mockups as appropriate to the project
• Provide aiming and lighting control observation
• Design custom fixtures
• Provide LEED credit documentation for lighting credits
Visual and thermal comfort in high-performance buildings rely on integrated glazing and curtain wall design. We use advanced simulation techniques to:
• Analyze visual performance of glazing alternatives
• Evaluate advanced glazing applications, including light redirecting glass and internal shading systems
• Predict and evaluate thermal performance of curtain wall systems
• Predict occupant comfort conditions for curtain wall alternatives
• Identify and coordinate value engineering tradeoffs for integrated high-performance facades
Effective shading reduces glare and minimizes solar heat gain without impeding the use of daylight for visual tasks. We assist the architect to design shading appropriate to the program, the climate and context of the project. We use scale physical models and calibrated models with RADIANCE software to:
• Analyze site conditions for solar access and shade potential
• Design sun control and glare control alternatives for local skies and climate conditions
• Evaluate shade alternatives for visual and thermal comfort
We use thermal comfort as the first target of analysis in energy efficient building design. When people are comfortable, no energy will be needed to heat or cool the space they occupy. Using a variety of software tools, we generate:
• Annual hour-by-hour simulations of thermal conditions inside the building without mechanical systems
• Parametric analysis of the role of each building component in providing thermal comfort and autonomy
• Design recommendations for achieving greater thermal comfort and greater energy autonomy
We provide both performance energy modeling and regulatory modeling (such as Title 24) as part of the design process. Performance energy modeling is used to understand the actual energy use, without regulatory defaults, to better characterize and compare building performance and energy costs during design and after occupancy. We use EnergyPlus, a whole building energy simulation program with proprietary scripts to model energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and plug and process loads. We also use regulatory software as required by state energy codes for permitting when the project is ready to permit. Energy modeling includes:
• Simulating annual building energy use at all stages of design process
• Developing early energy use parametrics to identify energy saving opportunities in design alternatives
• Developing suites of energy strategies to reconsider conventional approaches to building energy use
• Comparison of mechanical strategies and HVAC systems in terms of energy use
• Green building certification
• Quantification of energy cost
• Real-time building control and operation
• Future weather energy simulations
Achieving zero-energy and zero-carbon requires a building and site to generate the energy needed for building operation, which requires renewable energy. We use energy simulations and other tools to:
• Quantify solar and wind potential
• Identify and size appropriate alternative energy sources including photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, fuel cells
• Coordinate location and installation issues with the design team
• Identify renewable energy that can be sourced through public utilities and renewable energy vendors
We design and install comprehensive building monitoring systems in order to verify actual building performance. These systems are custom designed for a project to provide data and answers specific to the building. Features of our monitoring system include:
• Sensor arrays are selected which provide data points to track energy use, system performance, heat distribution, and variables related to occupant comfort
• System architecture is designed to provide a framework scaled for data collection from multiple buildings.
• Proprietary software to poll sensors, transmit the data over an internet connection, process and log the data at a central database where it is available for future data mining, performance analytics, and controls research
• Data can indicate if systems are operating effectively and efficiently and provide data stream comparisons.
• Results reveal components of comfort by showing, for instance, the surface temperatures as well as air temperatures.
Natural ventilation – using outside air to provide fresh outside air to a building and to exhaust hot air– is a critical design and operational strategy for high-performance and low energy buildings, both residential and commercial, in most climates. Natural ventilation is driven by the building design, with inlets and outlets provided for cross-ventilation and/or stack-ventilation. We use a combination of software and a laboratory wind-tunnel to assist the design team to:
• Strategically identify and locate the path of ventilating air
• Quantify the available wind on site in terms of direction, velocity and patterns of availability
• Size and locate openings for incoming air and exhaust
• Coordinate the mechanical system with natural ventilation as an operating protocol
Resilient design has ability to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain or recover functionality after a disruption. In California we increasingly face disruptions in our use of buildings due to power outages caused by earthquakes, wildfires, landslides, floods and earthquakes. But it is also true that with climate change, no location seems to be free from potential natural disasters that may last a few days to months or years. Climate change itself is also a changing condition that needs to be designed for proactively rather than dealt with retroactively. Resilient design as we offer it as a service includes:
• Predicting potential future conditions resulting from abrupt or gradual change
• Simulating and designing for zero-energy as a baseline performance
• Simulating and designing for passive survivability for critical life-support conditions
• Designing renewable energy sources and storage for resilient scenarios
• Providing a manual for phases of disaster response and operation
A zero-energy building uses less energy over a year than it can generate and both certification organizations (such as USGBC) and State energy codes are beginning to mandate a zero-energy performance in the US and internationally. There are many variations in the definition and terminology, some grid-connected buildings are described as “zero-net-energy” buildings, buildings that are designed to be powered by on-site renewables but have not yet installed the site energy production are described as “zero-energy-ready”, etc. We assist the design team and client to establish a goal and then help design the building and renewable energy systems to achieve that goal. We use a wide range of the methods and tools described in our services to achieve the goal.

Baseline energy use for all climate data sets in the world. A blue square indicates more cooling requirements and a red square indicates heating. The larger the square, the more energy is required. Our task was to figure out what changes would be necessary to eliminate all squares from the map.

Four phases of the research are complete. In Phase I we took a proof of concept approach to see if the regular Frog classroom could become a Frog Zero for a real project and real client in Hawai’i. Succeeding at this, in Phase II we developed an optimal Frog Zero design for three more climates (San Francisco, Boston and Los Angeles). Phase III focused on the design and performance of three custom Frog Zero projects for specific clients and site locations: the 2008 Greenbuild Frog Zero Demonstration Classroom in Boston MA, the Watkinson School in Hartford CT and the Crissy Field Center in San Francisco CA. In parallel, Phase IV developed a methodology to identify the smallest number of design options required to provide full comfort at net-zero energy throughout an entire region characterized by varied climate conditions.

 

Incremental changes to the modular platform that reduce energy use in Hawaii.

 

 

Incremental changes to the modular platform that reduce energy use in Boston.